The style of programming that Python does is called imperative: you tell the computer to do something, then you tell it to do something else ... and so on. The other style, in languages like Prologue, is called logic based, where you give the computer a bunch of rules and a bunch of data and say "go see if you can find anything new". Logic based languages are used to derive new mathematical proofs, or to build Expert Systems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system).

Since all computers do the same thing i.e. perform calculations, test and branch on conditions, iterate over a set of data; then the imperative languages will have instructions for these actions and they'll all look much the same (there's only so many ways of asking if x=0). As a result, most languages are pretty similar, despite the noise from the adherents of each language. If you can do something in one language, then you can likely do it in another language.

The main difference between languages is the gratuitous changes in syntax for any particular functionality. The only purpose of this is to make each language appear different (like selling cars). (It turns out there's a lot more ways of asking if (x=0) than you'd ever want to know about. I'd be happy for just one.)